Sefewi döwleti

Sefewi Döwleti Döwlet-i Sefewiýýe


Baýdagy^[1]	Gerbi

Paýtagty

Töwriz,^[2] Yspyhan^[3] şäheri

Esaslandyryjy

Şa Ysmaýyl I

Dili

Azerbaýjan dili (Rasmi)^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]
Parsca (Rasmi)^[9]^[10]^[11]^[12]^[13]

Meýdany

2.800.000 km² (1512)^[14]

Sefewi döwleti — Ine şeýle şertlerde 1502-nji ýylda yştymagy gelip çykyşy boýunça türkmen bolan Ysmaýylyň baştutanlygynda täze bir döwletiň düýbi tutulýar. Döredenleriň taýpasynyň ady bilen baglanyşykly ol döwlet Sefewiler döwleti ady bilen taryha dolýar. Bu döwleti esaslandyryjy Ysmaýyl şa barada giňişleýin durup geçeliň.

Ysmaýyl şa

Sefewi Azerbaýjan-türkmenleriniň döwletini esaslandyryjy we döwletiň birinji hökümdarydyr. Ysmaýyl şa 1487-nji ýylda dogulýar. Onuň kakasy Haýdar Sefewiýe dini derwüşçilik toparyny döreden 1254-1334-nji ýyllarda ýaşap geçen Sefi od-Din Ishak atly Ardabilli şeýh bolupdyr. Ysmaýyl şa hem şonuň neberelerinden bolupdyr. Şol derwüşçilik toparynda Anadolydan gelen Beýik Saparmyrat Türkmenbaşynyň Mukaddes Ruhnamasynda sanaýan ýedi türkmen taýpasy (şamly, rumly, ustaçly, tekeli, baharly dülkadyr, owşar) sopy bolupdyrlar.

1498-1500-nji ýyllarda Akgoýunlylar döwleti ikä bölünmegi bilen baglanyşykly dörän amatly ýagdaýy ulanyp, 12 ýaşly şa Ysmaýyl öz atalygy Hüseýin beg Şamlynyň maslahaty bilen 300 atlysy bilen Ardebile gelýär. Şol ýerde 7 müňli türkmen goşuny bilen häkimiýet ugrunda urşa başlaýar. Olar 1501-nji ýylda Akgoýunlylary ýeňip, Töwrize girýärler. Töwrizde Ysmaýyl Azerbaýjan şasy diýlip jar edilýär. Ol 1503-nji ýyldan 1510-njy ýyla çenli Kazwin, Kum, Yspyhan, Şiraz, Ýezd, Kerman ýaly şäherleri, Ermenistan, Kürdistan, Yrak ýaly ýurtlary basyp alýar. 1510-njy ýylda Marynyň golaýynda Horosan ugrunda özbek hany Şeýbany bilen bolan söweşde Şeýbany han öldürilip, Seistan we Horosan Sefewi türkmenleriniň döwletiniň düzümine goşulýar. Köşkde we goşundaky dil türkmen dilinde bolupdyr. Şa Ysmaýyl şol dilde goşgy ýazypdyr. 1524-nji ýylda şa Ysmaýyl ýogalýar.

Geliň ýeke-ýeke şol döwletiň soňky hökümdarlarynyň taryhda bitiren işleri barada gürrüň edeliň.

Tahmasp I

Sefewi türkmenleriniň döwletiniň ikinji hökümdary. Tahmasp I entek 10 ýaşynda tagta geçmeli bolýar. Ilkibada ol türkmen hanlarynyň we serdarlarynyň (aýratyn-da rumly we ustaçly) diýeni boýunça ýurdy dolandyrýar. Kämillik ýaşyna ýetenden soňra özbaşdak dolandyryp başlaýar. Ýöne ol kakasy ýaly başarjaň hökümdar däldi. Onuň gowuşgynsyzlygyndan peýdalanyp birnäçe ýerli hökümdarlar özbaşdak syýasat ýöretmäge ymtylýarlar. 1538-nji ýylda Astrabatda Muhammet Salyh özüni özbaşdak hökümdar diýip yglan edýär. Türkmen Aba Serdar 1550-1558-nji ýyllarda şa Tahmaspy birnäçe gezek ýeňlişe sezewar edýär. Gilýanda, Şirwanda ýerli hökümdarlar şa Tahmaspa garşy çykýarlar. Bu ýagdaýlaryň ählisi şa Tahmasp I-niň döwründe Azerbaýjanda merkezi häkimiýetiň gowşandygyny görkezýär. Onuň alyp baran içeri syýasatynyň netijesinde Azerbaýjan döwletiniň harby kuwwaty aýratyn-da ykdysady kuwwaty peselýär. Ol ýurduň paýtagtyny Töwrizden Kazwin şäherine geçirýär.

Ysmaýyl II

Ysmaýyl II Sefewi türkmenleriniň üçünji hökümdary. Ol 1576-1578-nji ýyllarda şa bolup, Tahmasp I-niň ogludyr. Her şa ýogalyp, täze şa tagta geçmeli bolanda ýurtda galagoply ýagdaý döreýärdi. Şa Tahmasp I ýogalansoň soň hem onuň ogly 12 oglunyň haýsysynyň tagta geçmelidigi barada dawalar başlapdy. Ustaçly türkmenler onuň Haýdar Mürze atly ogluny goldasa, owşar türkmenleri şa Ysmaýyly goldady. Şa Ysmaýyl II kakasy dirikä 19 ýyllap tussaglykda bolupdy. Belki tussaghanada oturany üçindir.

Ysmaýyl II häsiýeti boýunça gazaply, öz 6 doganyny jezalandyryp öldürtmek bilen, halky gorkuzmak üçin köplenç köpçülikleýin jezalandyrmak barada buýruk beren hökümdardyr. Ol iki ýyl çemesi dolandyryp tarpa-taýyn ýogalýar.

Muhammet Hudabende

Muhammet Hudabende Sefewi türkmenleriniň döwletiniň dördünji şasy. Ol 1578-1587-nji ýyllarda hökümdarlyk edýär. Sefewi türkmenleriniň döwletiniň ikinji şasy Tahmasp I-niň ogly.

Muhammet keselbent, özerkli däl adam bolupdyr. Ol köplenç aýalynyň (Hamza we Apbas atly ogullarynyň ejesiniň) diýeni boýunça ýurdy dolandyrypdyr. Muhammet şanyň Hamza Mürze atly ogly Osman imperiýasyna garşy uruş döwründe Kawkazda görkezen edermenlikleri, ýeňişleri bilen öz duşmanlaryny öjükdiripdir. Ony şa tagtyna geçer öýdüp gorkup Azerbaýjanlylaryň özleri dildüwşik gurap öldürýärler. Muhammet Hudabendäniň döwründe onuň döwleti Kawkazda birnäçe ýerlerini Osman imperiýasyna bermäge mejbur bolýar. 1587-nji ýylda Muhammet Hudabende öz goşuny tarapyndan tagtdan agdarylýar we köp wagt geçmänkä aradan çykýar.

Apbas şa

Apbas I 1581-1628-nji ýyllarda ýaşap geçip, Hudawende şanyň ogludyr. Apbas şa Azerbaýjany 1587-1628-nji ýyllarda dolandyrýar.

Abbas şa 16 ýaşynda wagty kakasy öldürilýär we tagta geçýär. Onuň tagta geçen döwri Sefewi döwleti gowşap, agzalalyk güýçlenip, ýurtdan bereket göterilen döwürdi. Azerbaýjanyň gowşamagyndan peýdalanyp Osman imperiýasy onuň birnäçe ýerlerini basyp alypdy. Şa Abbasyň paýyna çöken ýurdy galkyndyrmak düşdi. Ol birnäçe özgertmeler geçirdi. Goşunda düzgün - tertibi ýola goýdy. Täze goşun bölümlerini döretdi. Salgytlary rejä saldy. Merkezi häkimiýeti berkitdi. Ýerli hökümdarlaryň hukuklaryny çäklendirdi. Pul özgertmesini geçirip, abbasy diýip atlandyrylan täze pul girizdi. Ýollaryň gurluşygyna üns berdi. Ýurduň paýtagty bolan Yspyhany tas täzeden diýen ýaly gurdy. Suw gurluşyk desgalaryny, bentleri gurdurdy. Azerbaýjanda geçirilen özgertmeleriň netijesinde kuwwatlanyp tiz ösüp başlady.

Şa Abbas özüne, döwlete garşy gidenleri rehimsizlik bilen jezalandyrdy. Hat-da ol öz çagalaryna hem rehim etmändir. Uly ogluny öldürip, iki kiçi ogullarynyň gözlerini oýdurandygy onuň gazaplylygyndan nyşandyr.

Şa Abbasyň hemmä deň göz bilen garamagy, Azerbaýjany ösdürmek üçin alyp barýan syýasatyny halkyň goldamagyna sebäp boldy. Ol XVII asyryň başlaryndan başlap Azerbaýjanyň öňki elinden gidiren ýerlerini täzeden eýelemek üçin goňşulary bilen uruşlar alyp bardy. Osman imperiýasy bilen 1603-1612-nji, 1616-1618-nji ýyllarda iki gezek uruş alyp baryp, olaryň netijesinde Töwrizi, Nahiçewany, Ýerewany, Azerbeýjany, Gündogar Ermenistany, Gündogar Gürjüstany, Lurystany Azerbaýjanyň eýeledi. Geratyň golaýynda özbekleri ýeňip, olardan Horosany aldy. 1623-nji ýylda Osman imperiýasy bilen täze urşa başlady. Yragy aldy. Dogry bu uruş şa Abbas ýogalan soň 1639-njy ýylda gutardy.

Beýik Saparmyrat Türkmenbaşy Mukaddes Ruhnamada Sefewi türkmenleriniň Azerbaýjandaky hökümdarlygy barada söz açyp, Sefewileriň: "Iň güýçli döwlet bolan wagty şa Abbasyň wagtyna gabat gelýär, bu pajarlap ösmek tä onuň 1628-nji ýlda ölmüne çenli dowam edýär" diýip belleýär.

Sefi I

Sefi I Sefewi türkmenleriniň döwletiniň altynjy şasy. Ol 1629-1642-nji ýyllarda şa bolupdy. Ol Abbas I-niň uly ogly meşhur Sefi Mürzäniň ogludyr. (Sefi Mürzä kakasy Abbas I gepe girip öldürdipdi).

Sefi I häsiýeti boýunça gaharjaň, ynjyk, rehimsiz , gazaply bolupdyr. Diňe müňkürlik edip, aslynda hiç zat ýok ýerden döwletiň iň ökde harby serkerdesi Ymamkuly hany jezalandyryp öldüripdi.

Daşary syýasatda Sefi I Özbek hanynyň çozuşlaryny yza serpikdirse-de, Beýik Mogollardan ýeňilipdir. Ol Beýik Mogollara Gandagary bermäge mejbur bolýar. Sefi Osman imperiýasydan hem ýeňilýär. Osman imperiýasy bilen 1639-njy ýylda Kasra-Şirin şertnamasyny baglaşyp, ol boýunça 1612-nji ýyldaky serhet dikeldilýär.

Apbas II

Apbas II Sefewi türkmenleriniň döwletiniň 7-nji şasy. Ol bu döwletiň 6-njy şasy Sefi I-niň ogludyr. Ol 1642-1666-njy ýyllarda döwleti dolandyrypdyr. Apbas II häsiýeti boýunça ýumşak, parahatçylyk söýüji, rehimdar adam bolupdyr. Onuň döwründe Azerbaýjanyň ykdysadyýeti ösüp başlaýar. Azerbaýjan Günbatar Ýewropa döwletleri bilen ykdysady söwda gatnaşyklary ýola goýýar. Ol aýratyn-da Gollandiýa bilen söwda gatnaşyklaryň ösmegine üns beripdir. Golland söwdagärleri Azerbaýjanyň ýüpegini hiç-hili gümrük paçsyz ýurtdan alyp çykmaga hukuk alypdyrlar. Fransiýa, Angliýa, Russiýa bilen gatnaşyklar ösüpdir. Apbas II Beýik Mogollar imperiýasy bilen Gandagaryň üstünde uruş alyp barypdyr. 1649-njy ýylda şa Apbas II kakasy Sefi I-niň elden gidiren Gandagar şäherini yzyna gaýtaryp alypdyr.

Süleýman şa

Süleýman şa Sefewi türkmenleriniň 8-nji şasy. Ol 7-nji hökümdar Apbas II-niň ogludyr. Ol 1666-1694-nji ýyllarda şa bolupdyr. Şa Süleýman Azerbaýjanyň taryhynda başarnyksyz, gazaply şa hökmünde tanalýar. Onuň döwründe döwlet gowşapdyr. Özbek hanlary Süleýman şanyň döwründe Horasana çapawulçylykly ýörişler gurapdyrlar. Şa Süleýman olaryň ýörişlerine gaýtawul bermegi guramagy başarmandyr.

Hüseýin şa

Hüseýin şa Sefewi türkmenleriniň 9-njy şasy. Ol sekizinji hökümdar Süleýman şanyň ogludyr. Ol 1694-1722-nji ýyllarda hökümdarlyk edipdir.

Kakasy ýaly Hüseýin şa hem ýurda başarjaňlyk bilen ýolbaşçylyk edip bilmändir. Ýurduň gowşamagy, halkyň ýagdaýy erbetleşmegi dowam edipdir. XVII asyryň ahyrynda Azerbaýjanyň ykdysady babatda ýagdaýynyň üzül-kesil erbetleşýändigi hemmä aýan bolupdyr. 1698-1701-nji ýyllarda salgytlar 2-3 esse artdyrylypdyr. Täze salgytlar girizilipdir. Daýhanlar ýerlerini satyp köpçülikleýin şäherlere göçüp başlapdyrlar. Şa Hüseýin perman bilen daýhanlary ýere berkidipdir.

Şa Hüseýiniň ýurdy tozgunçylyga alyp barýan içeri syýasatyna garşy gozgalaňlar başlanypdyr. Şol gozgalaňlaryň iň irisi Gandagar welaýatyndaky gilzaý türkmenleriniň gozgalaňydyr. Gozgalaň 1709-njy ýylda başlanypdyr. 1722-nji ýylda gozgalaňçylar şa Hüseýini tagtdan agdaryp, öz baştutanlary Mir Mahmudy şa diýip jar edipdirler. Tagtyndan jyda düşen Hüseýin şa şol ýyl ýogalypdyr.

Tahmasp II

Tahmasp II Sefewi türkmenleriniň onunjy şasydyr. Ol dokuzynjy hökümdar Hüseýin şanyň ogludyr. Ol 1722-1732-nji ýyllarda şa bolupdyr.

Ol şa diýlip jar edilen wagty Azerbaýjan şasynyň tagtynda Mir Mahmud otyrdy (seret. Hüseýin şa). Tagta geçmek we hakykatdan-da ýurduň eýesi bolmak üçin Owganystanly gozgalaňçylary kowmalydy.

1725-nji ýylda Mir Mahmud öldürilip, ýerine onuň doganoglany Aşraf şa boldy. Tahmasp II Owganyztanly türkmen taýpalarynyň gozgalaňyny basyp ýatyrmak üçin asly türkmen bolan Nedirguly hana ýüz tutýar. 1730-njy ýylda Azerbaýjan doly owganystanlylardan arassalanýar. Nedir Osman imperiýasy bilen garşy uruşda hem abraý gazanýar.

Nediri çetleşdirip özi r. Osman imperiýasyna garşy urşa baştutanlyk edip masgara bolup ýeňilýär. Ruslara garşy alyp baran urşy hem şowsuz gutarýar. Nedir Tahmasp II-niň Türkiýe garşy alyp baran urşuny masgaraçylyk hasaplap, ýurda beýle başarnyksyz adamyň şa bolmaly däldigini aýdyp tagtdan agdarmagy gurapdyr. Şa diýlip, onuň sekizaýlyk çagasy Abbas III jar edilýär.

Apbas III

Apbas III Sefewi türkmenleriniň 11-nji we iň soňky şasydyr. Ol 1732-1736-njy ýyllarda resmi Azerbaýjanyň şasydyr. Resmi diýip nygtamagymyzyň sebäbi ol tagta geçen wagty sekizaýlyk çagady. Onuň şalyk etmeli döwründe iş ýüzünde Nedir şa ýurdy dolandyrdy. Nedir şa 1736-njy ýylda Mugan çölünde ýygnak-gurultaý çagyryp, ony tagtdan aýryp, tagta geçdi.

Sefewi türkmenleriniň döwletiniň soňky döwürlerinde Azerbaýjan ýene-de gowşap başlady. XVIII asyryň birinji çärýegi Azerbaýjanyň taryhynda iň bir agyr döwürleriň biri boldy. Bir tarapdan owganlar, bir tarapdan ruslar, ýene bir tarapdan Osman türkmen döwleti Azerbaýjanyň garaşsyzlygyna howp salýar. Şeýle kynçylykly döwürde türkmenleriň owşar taýpasyndan bolan Nedir şa kese ýerlileri kowup çykaryp, ýurtda täze bir türkmen döwletini-Owşar türkmen döwletini döredýär.

Çeşme

↑ ..the Order of the Lion and the Sun, a device which, since the 17 century at least, appeared on the national flag of the Safavids the lion representing 'Ali and the sun the glory of the Shi'i faith, Mikhail Borisovich Piotrovskiĭ, J. M. Rogers, Hermitage Rooms at Somerset House, Courtauld Institute of Art, Heaven on earth: Art from Islamic Lands : Works from the State Hermitage Museum and the Khalili Collection, Prestel, 2004, p. 178.
↑ http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/safavids
↑ http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/isfahan-vii-safavid-period
↑ Turko-Persia in Historical Perspective - "the Safavid state, which lasted at least until 1722, was essentially a "Turkish" dynasty, with Azeri Turkish (Azerbaijan being the family's home base) as the language of the rulers and the court as well as the Qizilbash military establishment. Shah Ismail wrote poetry in Turkish. The administration nevertheless was Persian, and the Persian language was the vehicle of diplomatic correspondence (insha'), of belles-lettres (adab), and of history (tarikh)."
↑ Mazzaoui, Michel B; Canfield, Robert (2002). "Islamic Culture and Literature in Iran and Central Asia in the early modern period". Turko-Persia in Historical Perspective. Cambridge University Press. pp. 86–7. ISBN 978-0-521-52291-5. "Safavid power with its distinctive Persian-Shi'i culture, however, remained a middle ground between its two mighty Turkish neighbors. The Safavid state, which lasted at least until 1722, was essentially a "Turkish" dynasty, with Azeri Turkish (Azerbaijan being the family's home base) as the language of the rulers and the court as well as the Qizilbash military establishment. Shah Ismail wrote poetry in Turkish. The administration nevertheless was Persian, and the Persian language was the vehicle of diplomatic correspondence (insha'), of belles-lettres (adab), and of history (tarikh)."
↑ Zabiollah Safa (1986), "Persian Literature in the Safavid Period", The Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 6: The Timurid and Safavid Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-20094-6, pp. 948–65. P. 950: "In day-to-day affairs, the language chiefly used at the Safavid court and by the great military and political officers, as well as the religious dignitaries, was Turkish, not Persian; and the last class of persons wrote their religious works mainly in Arabic. Those who wrote in Persian were either lacking in proper tuition in this tongue, or wrote outside Iran and hence at a distance from centers where Persian was the accepted vernacular, endued with that vitality and susceptibility to skill in its use which a language can have only in places where it truly belongs."
↑ Savory, Roger (2007). Iran Under the Safavids. Cambridge University Press. p. 213. ISBN 978-0-521-04251-2. "qizilbash normally spoke Azari brand of Turkish at court, as did the Safavid shahs themselves; lack of familiarity with the Persian language may have contributed to the decline from the pure classical standards of former times"
↑ Price, Massoume (2005). Iran's Diverse Peoples: A Reference Sourcebook. ABC-CLIO. p. 66. ISBN 978-1-57607-993-5. "The Shah was a native Turkic speaker and wrote poetry in the Azerbaijani language."
↑ Robert L. Canfield. Turko-Persia in Historical Perspective. Cambridge University Press, Apr 30, 2002
↑ Rudi Matthee, "Safavids" in Encyclopædia Iranica, accessed on April 4, 2010. "The Persian focus is also reflected in the fact that theological works also began to be composed in the Persian language and in that Persian verses replaced Arabic on the coins." "The political system that emerged under them had overlapping political and religious boundaries and a core language, Persian, which served as the literary tongue, and even began to replace Arabic as the vehicle for theological discourse".
↑ Arnold J. Toynbee, A Study of History, V, pp. 514-15. excerpt: "in the heyday of the Mughal, Safawi, and Ottoman regimes New Persian was being patronized as the language of literae humaniores by the ruling element over the whole of this huge realm, while it was also being employed as the official language of administration in those two-thirds of its realm that lay within the Safawi and the Mughal frontiers"
↑ Ronald W Ferrier, The Arts of Persia. Yale University Press. 1989, p. 9
↑ Ruda Jurdi Abisaab. "Iran and Pre-Independence Lebanon" in Houchang Esfandiar Chehabi, Distant Relations: Iran and Lebanon in the Last 500 Years, IB Tauris 2006, p. 76: "Although the Arabic language was still the medium for religious scholastic expression, it was precisely under the Safavids that hadith complications and doctrinal works of all sorts were being translated to Persian. The 'Amili (Lebanese scholars of Shi'i faith) operating through the Court-based religious posts, were forced to master the Persian language; their students translated their instructions into Persian. Persianization went hand in hand with the popularization of 'mainstream' Shi'i belief."
↑ "Arhiw nusgasy". Archived from the original on 2014-08-22. Retrieved 2018-03-14.

[1] ..the Order of the Lion and the Sun, a device which, since the 17 century at least, appeared on the national flag of the Safavids the lion representing 'Ali and the sun the glory of the Shi'i faith, Mikhail Borisovich Piotrovskiĭ, J. M. Rogers, Hermitage Rooms at Somerset House, Courtauld Institute of Art, Heaven on earth: Art from Islamic Lands : Works from the State Hermitage Museum and the Khalili Collection, Prestel, 2004, p. 178.

[2] ttp://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/safavids

[3] ttp://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/isfahan-vii-safavid-period

[4] Turko-Persia in Historical Perspective - "the Safavid state, which lasted at least until 1722, was essentially a "Turkish" dynasty, with Azeri Turkish (Azerbaijan being the family's home base) as the language of the rulers and the court as well as the Qizilbash military establishment. Shah Ismail wrote poetry in Turkish. The administration nevertheless was Persian, and the Persian language was the vehicle of diplomatic correspondence (insha'), of belles-lettres (adab), and of history (tarikh)."

[5] Mazzaoui, Michel B; Canfield, Robert (2002). "Islamic Culture and Literature in Iran and Central Asia in the early modern period". Turko-Persia in Historical Perspective. Cambridge University Press. pp. 86–7. ISBN 978-0-521-52291-5. "Safavid power with its distinctive Persian-Shi'i culture, however, remained a middle ground between its two mighty Turkish neighbors. The Safavid state, which lasted at least until 1722, was essentially a "Turkish" dynasty, with Azeri Turkish (Azerbaijan being the family's home base) as the language of the rulers and the court as well as the Qizilbash military establishment. Shah Ismail wrote poetry in Turkish. The administration nevertheless was Persian, and the Persian language was the vehicle of diplomatic correspondence (insha'), of belles-lettres (adab), and of history (tarikh)."

[6] Zabiollah Safa (1986), "Persian Literature in the Safavid Period", The Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 6: The Timurid and Safavid Periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-20094-6, pp. 948–65. P. 950: "In day-to-day affairs, the language chiefly used at the Safavid court and by the great military and political officers, as well as the religious dignitaries, was Turkish, not Persian; and the last class of persons wrote their religious works mainly in Arabic. Those who wrote in Persian were either lacking in proper tuition in this tongue, or wrote outside Iran and hence at a distance from centers where Persian was the accepted vernacular, endued with that vitality and susceptibility to skill in its use which a language can have only in places where it truly belongs."

[7] Savory, Roger (2007). Iran Under the Safavids. Cambridge University Press. p. 213. ISBN 978-0-521-04251-2. "qizilbash normally spoke Azari brand of Turkish at court, as did the Safavid shahs themselves; lack of familiarity with the Persian language may have contributed to the decline from the pure classical standards of former times"

[8] Price, Massoume (2005). Iran's Diverse Peoples: A Reference Sourcebook. ABC-CLIO. p. 66. ISBN 978-1-57607-993-5. "The Shah was a native Turkic speaker and wrote poetry in the Azerbaijani language."

[9] Robert L. Canfield. Turko-Persia in Historical Perspective. Cambridge University Press, Apr 30, 2002

[10] Rudi Matthee, "Safavids" in Encyclopædia Iranica, accessed on April 4, 2010. "The Persian focus is also reflected in the fact that theological works also began to be composed in the Persian language and in that Persian verses replaced Arabic on the coins." "The political system that emerged under them had overlapping political and religious boundaries and a core language, Persian, which served as the literary tongue, and even began to replace Arabic as the vehicle for theological discourse".

[11] Arnold J. Toynbee, A Study of History, V, pp. 514-15. excerpt: "in the heyday of the Mughal, Safawi, and Ottoman regimes New Persian was being patronized as the language of literae humaniores by the ruling element over the whole of this huge realm, while it was also being employed as the official language of administration in those two-thirds of its realm that lay within the Safawi and the Mughal frontiers"

[12] Ronald W Ferrier, The Arts of Persia. Yale University Press. 1989, p. 9

[13] Ruda Jurdi Abisaab. "Iran and Pre-Independence Lebanon" in Houchang Esfandiar Chehabi, Distant Relations: Iran and Lebanon in the Last 500 Years, IB Tauris 2006, p. 76: "Although the Arabic language was still the medium for religious scholastic expression, it was precisely under the Safavids that hadith complications and doctrinal works of all sorts were being translated to Persian. The 'Amili (Lebanese scholars of Shi'i faith) operating through the Court-based religious posts, were forced to master the Persian language; their students translated their instructions into Persian. Persianization went hand in hand with the popularization of 'mainstream' Shi'i belief."

[14] "Arhiw nusgasy". Archived from the original on 2014-08-22. Retrieved 2018-03-14.

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